Intermediate200 min
Passive structures
We use the passive form when we want to focus on the action, not on the person who does the action (the agent). This may be because:
• we do not know who the agent is.
It was delivered yesterday.
• it’s clear who the agent is to both speaker and listener from the context or a previous mention of the agent.
The man was arrested yesterday.
• it’s ‘people in general’.
English is spoken around the world.
• we want to maintain the same subject and this forces the use of the passive.
They ordered six chairs but they were sent only five.
• we want to avoid blaming someone or admitting our own wrongdoing.
He broke a glass. ➞ A glass was broken.
The passive is used in all contexts, but is often a key feature of formal English as it helps to maintain objectivity.
Passive and perfect infinitive
We use a passive infinitive form after modal verbs and verbs that are followed by the infinitive (e.g. need, want, hope). We might also use it as
the subject of a sentence. It is formed with to be + infinitive, although to is omitted after modal verbs such as may, might, will.
You could be given a promotion if you keep doing what you’re doing.
I want the meeting to be finished by 4 o’clock today so I can leave early.
To be sent shoes for a child when you ordered shoes for an adult is annoying!
When we want to refer to the past, or a completed action at a future time, we use a perfect infinitive. It is formed with to have been + past participle. The to is omitted after modal verbs such as may, might, will.
I might have been sent the wrong item.
My birthday seems to have been forgotten by my brother.
Passive and perfect -ing form
We use a passive -ing form (being + past participle) after verbs which are followed by a gerund (e.g. avoid, keep, enjoy), prepositions and as a subject of a sentence.
I avoid being tagged in photos by not being on social media!
I’m really looking forward to being taken on a tour of the city.
Being given an end-of-year bonus was unexpected but welcome.
When we want to refer to the past, we use a perfect gerund. It’s formed with having been + past participle.
We don’t mind having been missed off the list once, but twice is annoying.
I resent having been ignored for much of the meeting.
After having been promised a pay rise, I was disappointed when I didn’t get one.
We can also use a perfect -ing form to form a participle clause when we want to refer to the past.
Having been awarded a prize for her work, Sally was delighted.
Having been born in Australia, I’ve got an Australian passport.
• we do not know who the agent is.
It was delivered yesterday.
• it’s clear who the agent is to both speaker and listener from the context or a previous mention of the agent.
The man was arrested yesterday.
• it’s ‘people in general’.
English is spoken around the world.
• we want to maintain the same subject and this forces the use of the passive.
They ordered six chairs but they were sent only five.
• we want to avoid blaming someone or admitting our own wrongdoing.
He broke a glass. ➞ A glass was broken.
The passive is used in all contexts, but is often a key feature of formal English as it helps to maintain objectivity.
Passive and perfect infinitive
We use a passive infinitive form after modal verbs and verbs that are followed by the infinitive (e.g. need, want, hope). We might also use it as
the subject of a sentence. It is formed with to be + infinitive, although to is omitted after modal verbs such as may, might, will.
You could be given a promotion if you keep doing what you’re doing.
I want the meeting to be finished by 4 o’clock today so I can leave early.
To be sent shoes for a child when you ordered shoes for an adult is annoying!
When we want to refer to the past, or a completed action at a future time, we use a perfect infinitive. It is formed with to have been + past participle. The to is omitted after modal verbs such as may, might, will.
I might have been sent the wrong item.
My birthday seems to have been forgotten by my brother.
Passive and perfect -ing form
We use a passive -ing form (being + past participle) after verbs which are followed by a gerund (e.g. avoid, keep, enjoy), prepositions and as a subject of a sentence.
I avoid being tagged in photos by not being on social media!
I’m really looking forward to being taken on a tour of the city.
Being given an end-of-year bonus was unexpected but welcome.
When we want to refer to the past, we use a perfect gerund. It’s formed with having been + past participle.
We don’t mind having been missed off the list once, but twice is annoying.
I resent having been ignored for much of the meeting.
After having been promised a pay rise, I was disappointed when I didn’t get one.
We can also use a perfect -ing form to form a participle clause when we want to refer to the past.
Having been awarded a prize for her work, Sally was delighted.
Having been born in Australia, I’ve got an Australian passport.
Quiz
Question 1 of 10
Rewrite the sentence in the passive voice: "They will finish the project by next month."
The project will be finished by next month.
The project will have finished by next month.
The project will be finishing by next month.
The project will finishing be by next month.
Science Rights, Needs and Responsibilities: Navigating the Complex Landscape of Scientific Freedom and Accountability
The realm of science operates at the crossroads of human curiosity and societal progress, where the pursuit of knowledge intersects with ethical considerations and public accountability. As we stand on the precipice of unprecedented scientific breakthroughs, from artificial intelligence to genetic engineering, the question of science rights, needs, and responsibilities has never been more pressing. This delicate balancing act between scientific freedom and social responsibility requires careful navigation through uncharted territory, where each discovery brings both promise and peril.
Scientific freedom represents the cornerstone of human intellectual advancement, embodying the fundamental right of researchers to pursue knowledge without undue interference or censorship. This principle goes hand in hand with academic freedom, ensuring that scientists can push the boundaries of human understanding, challenge conventional wisdom, and explore controversial topics that might make some people uncomfortable. However, this freedom is not absolute – it comes with strings attached that demand careful consideration of the broader implications of scientific research.
The right to scientific advancement has gained recognition as a fundamental human right, acknowledging that everyone should benefit from scientific progress and its applications. This concept encompasses not only the freedom to conduct research but also the right of society to access the fruits of scientific labor. Yet, this seemingly straightforward principle becomes murky when we consider who controls scientific knowledge, how research priorities are set, and whether the benefits of science are distributed equitably across different populations and nations.
Research integrity forms the bedrock upon which scientific credibility rests. Scientists bear the responsibility to conduct their work with honesty, transparency, and methodological rigor. This means dotting every i and crossing every t when it comes to data collection, analysis, and reporting. The temptation to cut corners or massage data to fit desired outcomes can undermine the entire scientific enterprise, eroding public trust and potentially leading society down dangerous paths based on flawed foundations.
The peer review process serves as a crucial gatekeeper in maintaining scientific standards, but it's not without its limitations. While this system helps separate the wheat from the chaff in scientific research, it can also perpetuate biases and slow down the dissemination of groundbreaking discoveries. Critics argue that the current system sometimes throws the baby out with the bathwater, rejecting innovative ideas that challenge established paradigms simply because they don't fit conventional thinking.
Ethical considerations in science have come to the forefront as researchers gain the power to manipulate life itself. The ability to edit genes, create artificial life forms, and develop weapons of mass destruction raises fundamental questions about the limits of scientific inquiry. Scientists can no longer operate in ivory towers, isolated from the consequences of their work. They must grapple with the moral implications of their research and consider whether some knowledge is too dangerous to pursue or disseminate.
The democratization of science through open access initiatives has emerged as a double-edged sword. While making research freely available can accelerate scientific progress and ensure broader access to knowledge, it also raises concerns about quality control and the potential for misuse of scientific information. When anyone can access detailed methodologies for creating dangerous substances or technologies, the line between beneficial knowledge sharing and irresponsible disclosure becomes increasingly blurred.
Public funding of scientific research creates a complex web of rights and responsibilities. Taxpayers who foot the bill for research have a legitimate claim to transparency and accountability in how their money is spent. This social contract implies that scientists have an obligation to communicate their findings in accessible ways and to consider the public interest in their research priorities. However, political interference in science can throttle innovation and compromise the independence that researchers need to pursue truth without bias.
The role of corporate interests in scientific research has become increasingly prominent, raising questions about conflicts of interest and the commercialization of knowledge. When pharmaceutical companies fund drug trials or energy companies sponsor climate research, the potential for bias looms large. Scientists must walk a tightrope between securing necessary funding and maintaining their intellectual independence, ensuring that financial incentives don't skew research outcomes or suppress inconvenient findings.
International collaboration in science presents both opportunities and challenges for managing rights and responsibilities. While global cooperation can tackle problems that transcend national boundaries, it also raises issues about intellectual property, technology transfer, and ensuring that developing nations aren't left out in the cold. The brain drain phenomenon, where talented scientists migrate to wealthier countries, can exacerbate global inequalities and deprive developing nations of the scientific expertise they desperately need.
The COVID-19 pandemic threw science rights and responsibilities into sharp relief, demonstrating both the critical importance of scientific research and the challenges of communicating uncertainty to the public. Scientists found themselves in the spotlight like never before, having to balance the need for rapid response with the normal deliberative processes of scientific inquiry. The crisis highlighted how scientific knowledge evolves over time and the difficulty of maintaining public trust when recommendations change based on new evidence.
Environmental responsibilities have become increasingly central to scientific practice as researchers confront the reality of climate change and biodiversity loss. Scientists working in all fields, not just environmental science, must consider the ecological footprint of their research and whether their work contributes to or helps solve pressing environmental challenges. This shift represents a paradigm change from viewing science as value-neutral to recognizing that all research takes place within broader social and environmental contexts.
The digital revolution has transformed how science is conducted, creating new opportunities for data sharing and collaboration while also raising novel ethical concerns. Big data research can reveal insights about human behavior and health that were previously impossible to obtain, but it also raises privacy concerns and questions about informed consent. Scientists must stay ahead of the curve in addressing these emerging ethical challenges while harnessing the power of new technologies.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning present particularly thorny issues for science rights and responsibilities. As algorithms become more sophisticated at analyzing data and even generating hypotheses, questions arise about the role of human oversight, the potential for algorithmic bias, and who bears responsibility when AI makes decisions that affect human lives. Scientists developing these technologies must grapple with the long-term implications of creating systems that may eventually surpass human intelligence.
The precautionary principle has gained traction as a framework for approaching scientific uncertainties, particularly in areas with potential for significant harm. This principle suggests that lack of complete scientific certainty should not postpone action to prevent environmental degradation or public harm. However, applying this principle can be tricky, as overly cautious approaches might stifle beneficial innovations or lead to regulatory paralysis.
Science communication has emerged as both a right and a responsibility for researchers. Scientists have the right to share their findings with the public, but they also bear the responsibility to communicate accurately and avoid sensationalism. In an era of information overload and declining trust in expertise, scientists must find ways to make their work accessible without dumbing it down or oversimplifying complex issues.
Looking toward the future, the landscape of science rights, needs, and responsibilities will continue to evolve as new technologies emerge and societal expectations shift. The challenge lies in maintaining the delicate balance between preserving scientific freedom and ensuring that research serves the broader public good. This will require ongoing dialogue between scientists, policymakers, and the public to establish frameworks that protect both scientific inquiry and societal welfare.
Success in navigating these challenges will depend on fostering a culture of responsible innovation, where scientists proactively consider the implications of their work and engage with stakeholders throughout the research process. By embracing both the rights and responsibilities that come with scientific practice, the research community can help ensure that science continues to serve as a force for human progress while minimizing potential harms. The future of science depends not just on brilliant discoveries, but on the wisdom to use those discoveries responsibly for the benefit of all humanity.
Scientific freedom represents the cornerstone of human intellectual advancement, embodying the fundamental right of researchers to pursue knowledge without undue interference or censorship. This principle goes hand in hand with academic freedom, ensuring that scientists can push the boundaries of human understanding, challenge conventional wisdom, and explore controversial topics that might make some people uncomfortable. However, this freedom is not absolute – it comes with strings attached that demand careful consideration of the broader implications of scientific research.
The right to scientific advancement has gained recognition as a fundamental human right, acknowledging that everyone should benefit from scientific progress and its applications. This concept encompasses not only the freedom to conduct research but also the right of society to access the fruits of scientific labor. Yet, this seemingly straightforward principle becomes murky when we consider who controls scientific knowledge, how research priorities are set, and whether the benefits of science are distributed equitably across different populations and nations.
Research integrity forms the bedrock upon which scientific credibility rests. Scientists bear the responsibility to conduct their work with honesty, transparency, and methodological rigor. This means dotting every i and crossing every t when it comes to data collection, analysis, and reporting. The temptation to cut corners or massage data to fit desired outcomes can undermine the entire scientific enterprise, eroding public trust and potentially leading society down dangerous paths based on flawed foundations.
The peer review process serves as a crucial gatekeeper in maintaining scientific standards, but it's not without its limitations. While this system helps separate the wheat from the chaff in scientific research, it can also perpetuate biases and slow down the dissemination of groundbreaking discoveries. Critics argue that the current system sometimes throws the baby out with the bathwater, rejecting innovative ideas that challenge established paradigms simply because they don't fit conventional thinking.
Ethical considerations in science have come to the forefront as researchers gain the power to manipulate life itself. The ability to edit genes, create artificial life forms, and develop weapons of mass destruction raises fundamental questions about the limits of scientific inquiry. Scientists can no longer operate in ivory towers, isolated from the consequences of their work. They must grapple with the moral implications of their research and consider whether some knowledge is too dangerous to pursue or disseminate.
The democratization of science through open access initiatives has emerged as a double-edged sword. While making research freely available can accelerate scientific progress and ensure broader access to knowledge, it also raises concerns about quality control and the potential for misuse of scientific information. When anyone can access detailed methodologies for creating dangerous substances or technologies, the line between beneficial knowledge sharing and irresponsible disclosure becomes increasingly blurred.
Public funding of scientific research creates a complex web of rights and responsibilities. Taxpayers who foot the bill for research have a legitimate claim to transparency and accountability in how their money is spent. This social contract implies that scientists have an obligation to communicate their findings in accessible ways and to consider the public interest in their research priorities. However, political interference in science can throttle innovation and compromise the independence that researchers need to pursue truth without bias.
The role of corporate interests in scientific research has become increasingly prominent, raising questions about conflicts of interest and the commercialization of knowledge. When pharmaceutical companies fund drug trials or energy companies sponsor climate research, the potential for bias looms large. Scientists must walk a tightrope between securing necessary funding and maintaining their intellectual independence, ensuring that financial incentives don't skew research outcomes or suppress inconvenient findings.
International collaboration in science presents both opportunities and challenges for managing rights and responsibilities. While global cooperation can tackle problems that transcend national boundaries, it also raises issues about intellectual property, technology transfer, and ensuring that developing nations aren't left out in the cold. The brain drain phenomenon, where talented scientists migrate to wealthier countries, can exacerbate global inequalities and deprive developing nations of the scientific expertise they desperately need.
The COVID-19 pandemic threw science rights and responsibilities into sharp relief, demonstrating both the critical importance of scientific research and the challenges of communicating uncertainty to the public. Scientists found themselves in the spotlight like never before, having to balance the need for rapid response with the normal deliberative processes of scientific inquiry. The crisis highlighted how scientific knowledge evolves over time and the difficulty of maintaining public trust when recommendations change based on new evidence.
Environmental responsibilities have become increasingly central to scientific practice as researchers confront the reality of climate change and biodiversity loss. Scientists working in all fields, not just environmental science, must consider the ecological footprint of their research and whether their work contributes to or helps solve pressing environmental challenges. This shift represents a paradigm change from viewing science as value-neutral to recognizing that all research takes place within broader social and environmental contexts.
The digital revolution has transformed how science is conducted, creating new opportunities for data sharing and collaboration while also raising novel ethical concerns. Big data research can reveal insights about human behavior and health that were previously impossible to obtain, but it also raises privacy concerns and questions about informed consent. Scientists must stay ahead of the curve in addressing these emerging ethical challenges while harnessing the power of new technologies.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning present particularly thorny issues for science rights and responsibilities. As algorithms become more sophisticated at analyzing data and even generating hypotheses, questions arise about the role of human oversight, the potential for algorithmic bias, and who bears responsibility when AI makes decisions that affect human lives. Scientists developing these technologies must grapple with the long-term implications of creating systems that may eventually surpass human intelligence.
The precautionary principle has gained traction as a framework for approaching scientific uncertainties, particularly in areas with potential for significant harm. This principle suggests that lack of complete scientific certainty should not postpone action to prevent environmental degradation or public harm. However, applying this principle can be tricky, as overly cautious approaches might stifle beneficial innovations or lead to regulatory paralysis.
Science communication has emerged as both a right and a responsibility for researchers. Scientists have the right to share their findings with the public, but they also bear the responsibility to communicate accurately and avoid sensationalism. In an era of information overload and declining trust in expertise, scientists must find ways to make their work accessible without dumbing it down or oversimplifying complex issues.
Looking toward the future, the landscape of science rights, needs, and responsibilities will continue to evolve as new technologies emerge and societal expectations shift. The challenge lies in maintaining the delicate balance between preserving scientific freedom and ensuring that research serves the broader public good. This will require ongoing dialogue between scientists, policymakers, and the public to establish frameworks that protect both scientific inquiry and societal welfare.
Success in navigating these challenges will depend on fostering a culture of responsible innovation, where scientists proactively consider the implications of their work and engage with stakeholders throughout the research process. By embracing both the rights and responsibilities that come with scientific practice, the research community can help ensure that science continues to serve as a force for human progress while minimizing potential harms. The future of science depends not just on brilliant discoveries, but on the wisdom to use those discoveries responsibly for the benefit of all humanity.
1. **Realm** /relm/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Area or field of activity
2. **At the crossroads**
*Meaning*: At a point where important decisions must be made
3. **Curiosity** /ˌkjʊriˈɑsəti/ (US), /ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Desire to learn or know
4. **Societal** /səˈsaɪətəl/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Related to society
5. **Pursuit of knowledge**
*Meaning*: Seeking to learn and understand
6. **Intersects** /ˌɪntərˈsekts/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Crosses or overlaps
7. **Ethical** /ˈeθɪkəl/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Related to moral principles
8. **Considerations** /kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃənz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Factors to think about
9. **Accountability** /əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Responsibility for one's actions
10. **Stand on the precipice**
*Meaning*: Be at the edge of something dramatic
11. **Unprecedented** /ʌnˈpresədentəd/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Never done or known before
12. **Breakthroughs** /ˈbreɪkˌθrus/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Important discoveries
13. **Artificial intelligence**
*Meaning*: Computer systems that can think like humans
14. **Genetic engineering**
*Meaning*: Changing the DNA of living things
15. **Pressing** /ˈpresɪŋ/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Urgent
16. **Delicate balancing act**
*Meaning*: Careful management of competing demands
17. **Scientific freedom**
*Meaning*: Liberty to conduct research
18. **Social responsibility**
*Meaning*: Duty to help society
19. **Careful navigation**
*Meaning*: Thoughtful way of proceeding
20. **Uncharted territory**
*Meaning*: Unknown or unexplored areas
21. **Promise and peril**
*Meaning*: Both good and bad possibilities
22. **Cornerstone** /ˈkɔrnərˌstoʊn/ (US), /ˈkɔːnəˌstəʊn/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Foundation; most important part
23. **Intellectual advancement**
*Meaning*: Progress in thinking and knowledge
24. **Embodying** /ɪmˈbɑdiɪŋ/ (US), /ɪmˈbɒdiɪŋ/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Representing or including
25. **Fundamental right**
*Meaning*: Basic freedom
26. **Undue interference**
*Meaning*: Inappropriate meddling
27. **Censorship** /ˈsensərˌʃɪp/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Blocking or banning information
28. **Goes hand in hand**
*Meaning*: Occurs together
29. **Academic freedom**
*Meaning*: Liberty in educational settings
30. **Push the boundaries**
*Meaning*: Extend the limits
31. **Challenge conventional wisdom**
*Meaning*: Question accepted beliefs
32. **Controversial** /ˌkɑntrəˈvɜrʃəl/ (US), /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃəl/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Causing disagreement
33. **Make people uncomfortable**
*Meaning*: Cause unease or worry
34. **Not absolute**
*Meaning*: Not complete or unlimited
35. **Comes with strings attached**
*Meaning*: Has conditions or requirements
36. **Broader implications**
*Meaning*: Wider effects or consequences
37. **Scientific advancement**
*Meaning*: Progress in research and knowledge
38. **Gained recognition**
*Meaning*: Become accepted
39. **Benefit from**
*Meaning*: Gain advantages from
40. **Applications** /ˌæpləˈkeɪʃənz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Practical uses
41. **Encompasses** /ɪnˈkʌmpəsəz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Includes
42. **Fruits of scientific labor**
*Meaning*: Results of research work
43. **Seemingly straightforward**
*Meaning*: Appearing simple
44. **Becomes murky**
*Meaning*: Gets unclear or confusing
45. **Research priorities**
*Meaning*: What studies are most important
46. **Distributed equitably**
*Meaning*: Shared fairly
47. **Different populations**
*Meaning*: Various groups of people
48. **Research integrity**
*Meaning*: Honesty in scientific work
49. **Forms the bedrock**
*Meaning*: Creates the foundation
50. **Scientific credibility**
*Meaning*: Believability of research
51. **Bear the responsibility**
*Meaning*: Have the duty
52. **Honesty** /ˈɑnəsti/ (US), /ˈɒnəsti/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Truthfulness
53. **Transparency** /trænsˈperənsi/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Openness
54. **Methodological** /ˌmeθədəˈlɑdʒəkəl/ (US), /ˌmeθədəˈlɒdʒəkəl/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Related to research methods
55. **Rigor** /ˈrɪɡər/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Strictness and accuracy
56. **Dotting every i and crossing every t**
*Meaning*: Being extremely careful with details
57. **Data collection**
*Meaning*: Gathering information
58. **Analysis** /əˈnæləsəs/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Detailed examination
59. **Reporting** /rɪˈpɔrtɪŋ/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Describing results
60. **Temptation** /tempˈteɪʃən/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Desire to do something wrong
61. **Cut corners**
*Meaning*: Do things quickly and carelessly
62. **Massage data**
*Meaning*: Manipulate information dishonestly
63. **Desired outcomes**
*Meaning*: Results that are wanted
64. **Undermine** /ˌʌndərˈmaɪn/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Weaken
65. **Scientific enterprise**
*Meaning*: The whole system of research
66. **Eroding** /ɪˈroʊdɪŋ/ (US), /ɪˈrəʊdɪŋ/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Gradually destroying
67. **Public trust**
*Meaning*: People's confidence
68. **Leading society down dangerous paths**
*Meaning*: Causing harm to communities
69. **Flawed foundations**
*Meaning*: Weak or incorrect bases
70. **Peer review process**
*Meaning*: System where experts check each other's work
71. **Crucial gatekeeper**
*Meaning*: Important controller of access
72. **Maintaining standards**
*Meaning*: Keeping quality high
73. **Limitations** /ˌlɪməˈteɪʃənz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Restrictions or weaknesses
74. **Separate the wheat from the chaff**
*Meaning*: Distinguish good from bad
75. **Perpetuate** /pərˈpetʃuˌeɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Cause to continue
76. **Biases** /ˈbaɪəsəz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Unfair preferences
77. **Dissemination** /dɪˌseməˈneɪʃən/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Spreading of information
78. **Groundbreaking** /ˈɡraʊndˌbreɪkɪŋ/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Revolutionary
79. **Discoveries** /dɪˈskʌvəriz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Findings
80. **Throws the baby out with the bathwater**
*Meaning*: Rejects good things along with bad
81. **Innovative** /ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: New and creative
82. **Challenge established paradigms**
*Meaning*: Question accepted ways of thinking
83. **Conventional thinking**
*Meaning*: Traditional ideas
84. **Come to the forefront**
*Meaning*: Become very important
85. **Gain the power**
*Meaning*: Acquire the ability
86. **Manipulate** /məˈnɪpjəˌleɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Control or change
87. **Life itself**
*Meaning*: Living organisms
88. **Edit genes**
*Meaning*: Change DNA
89. **Create artificial life forms**
*Meaning*: Make new living things
90. **Weapons of mass destruction**
*Meaning*: Very dangerous military devices
91. **Fundamental questions**
*Meaning*: Basic important issues
92. **Limits of scientific inquiry**
*Meaning*: Boundaries of research
93. **Operate in ivory towers**
*Meaning*: Work in isolation from real world
94. **Isolated from**
*Meaning*: Separated from
95. **Consequences** /ˈkɑnsəˌkwensəz/ (US), /ˈkɒnsəkwənsəz/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Results or effects
96. **Grapple with**
*Meaning*: Struggle to understand
97. **Moral implications**
*Meaning*: Ethical effects
98. **Too dangerous to pursue**
*Meaning*: Too risky to investigate
99. **Disseminate** /dɪˈseməˌneɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Spread or share
100. **Democratization** /dɪˌmɑkrətəˈzeɪʃən/ (US), /dɪˌmɒkrətaɪˈzeɪʃən/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Making available to everyone
101. **Open access initiatives**
*Meaning*: Programs to make research freely available
102. **Double-edged sword**
*Meaning*: Something with both good and bad effects
103. **Freely available**
*Meaning*: Accessible without cost
104. **Accelerate** /əkˈseləˌreɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Speed up
105. **Quality control**
*Meaning*: Ensuring high standards
106. **Misuse** /ˌmɪsˈjus/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Wrong use
107. **Detailed methodologies**
*Meaning*: Specific ways of doing research
108. **Dangerous substances**
*Meaning*: Harmful materials
109. **Knowledge sharing**
*Meaning*: Giving information to others
110. **Irresponsible disclosure**
*Meaning*: Careless revealing of information
111. **Increasingly blurred**
*Meaning*: Becoming less clear
112. **Public funding**
*Meaning*: Money from government
113. **Complex web**
*Meaning*: Complicated network
114. **Foot the bill**
*Meaning*: Pay the cost
115. **Legitimate claim**
*Meaning*: Fair demand
116. **Transparency** /trænsˈperənsi/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Openness
117. **Social contract**
*Meaning*: Agreement between people and government
118. **Implies** /ɪmˈplaɪz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Suggests
119. **Obligation** /ˌɑbləˈɡeɪʃən/ (US), /ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃən/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Duty
120. **Communicate findings**
*Meaning*: Share results
121. **Accessible ways**
*Meaning*: Easy to understand methods
122. **Public interest**
*Meaning*: What benefits society
123. **Political interference**
*Meaning*: Government meddling
124. **Throttle innovation**
*Meaning*: Reduce new ideas
125. **Compromise independence**
*Meaning*: Damage freedom
126. **Pursue truth**
*Meaning*: Seek facts
127. **Without bias**
*Meaning*: Fairly
128. **Corporate interests**
*Meaning*: Business concerns
129. **Increasingly prominent**
*Meaning*: More and more important
130. **Conflicts of interest**
*Meaning*: Situations where personal gain conflicts with duty
131. **Commercialization** /kəˌmɜrʃələˈzeɪʃən/ (US), /kəˌmɜːʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Making money from
132. **Pharmaceutical** /ˌfɑrməˈsutɪkəl/ (US), /ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkəl/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Related to medicines
133. **Drug trials**
*Meaning*: Tests of new medicines
134. **Sponsor** /ˈspɑnsər/ (US), /ˈspɒnsə/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Pay for
135. **Climate research**
*Meaning*: Studies about weather changes
136. **Potential for bias**
*Meaning*: Possibility of unfairness
137. **Looms large**
*Meaning*: Appears threatening
138. **Walk a tightrope**
*Meaning*: Balance carefully in difficult situation
139. **Securing necessary funding**
*Meaning*: Getting needed money
140. **Intellectual independence**
*Meaning*: Freedom of thought
141. **Financial incentives**
*Meaning*: Money-based motivations
142. **Skew** /skju/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Distort or bias
143. **Research outcomes**
*Meaning*: Results of studies
144. **Suppress** /səˈpres/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Hide or prevent
145. **Inconvenient findings**
*Meaning*: Results that cause problems
146. **International collaboration**
*Meaning*: Working together across countries
147. **Opportunities and challenges**
*Meaning*: Good and difficult possibilities
148. **Global cooperation**
*Meaning*: Worldwide working together
149. **Tackle problems**
*Meaning*: Deal with issues
150. **Transcend** /trænˈsend/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Go beyond
151. **National boundaries**
*Meaning*: Borders between countries
152. **Intellectual property**
*Meaning*: Ownership of ideas
153. **Technology transfer**
*Meaning*: Sharing technical knowledge
154. **Left out in the cold**
*Meaning*: Excluded or ignored
155. **Brain drain**
*Meaning*: Loss of educated people
156. **Phenomenon** /fəˈnɑməˌnɑn/ (US), /fəˈnɒməˌnɒn/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Observable occurrence
157. **Migrate** /ˈmaɪˌɡreɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Move from one place to another
158. **Wealthier countries**
*Meaning*: Richer nations
159. **Exacerbate** /ɪɡˈzæsərˌbeɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Make worse
160. **Global inequalities**
*Meaning*: Worldwide unfairness
161. **Deprive** /dɪˈpraɪv/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Take away from
162. **Scientific expertise**
*Meaning*: Research knowledge and skills
163. **Desperately need**
*Meaning*: Urgently require
164. **Pandemic** /pænˈdemɪk/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Worldwide disease outbreak
165. **Threw into sharp relief**
*Meaning*: Made very clear
166. **Critical importance**
*Meaning*: Extreme significance
167. **Communicating uncertainty**
*Meaning*: Explaining what is not known
168. **In the spotlight**
*Meaning*: Getting lots of attention
169. **Like never before**
*Meaning*: More than ever
170. **Balance the need**
*Meaning*: Manage competing requirements
171. **Rapid response**
*Meaning*: Quick reaction
172. **Deliberative processes**
*Meaning*: Careful thinking procedures
173. **Scientific inquiry**
*Meaning*: Research investigation
174. **Highlighted** /ˈhaɪˌlaɪtəd/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Emphasized
175. **Evolves over time**
*Meaning*: Changes gradually
176. **Maintaining public trust**
*Meaning*: Keeping people's confidence
177. **Recommendations** /ˌrekəmənˈdeɪʃənz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Suggestions or advice
178. **Based on new evidence**
*Meaning*: Using fresh information
179. **Environmental responsibilities**
*Meaning*: Duties to protect nature
180. **Increasingly central**
*Meaning*: More and more important
181. **Scientific practice**
*Meaning*: How research is done
182. **Confront the reality**
*Meaning*: Face the truth
183. **Climate change**
*Meaning*: Long-term weather pattern changes
184. **Biodiversity loss**
*Meaning*: Reduction in variety of life
185. **All fields**
*Meaning*: Every area of study
186. **Environmental science**
*Meaning*: Study of nature and pollution
187. **Ecological footprint**
*Meaning*: Environmental impact
188. **Contributes to**
*Meaning*: Helps cause
189. **Pressing environmental challenges**
*Meaning*: Urgent nature problems
190. **Paradigm change**
*Meaning*: Fundamental shift in thinking
191. **Value-neutral**
*Meaning*: Without moral judgment
192. **Broader contexts**
*Meaning*: Wider situations
193. **Digital revolution**
*Meaning*: Major change due to computers
194. **Transformed** /trænsˈfɔrmd/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Changed completely
195. **Data sharing**
*Meaning*: Giving information to others
196. **Collaboration** /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Working together
197. **Novel ethical concerns**
*Meaning*: New moral worries
198. **Big data research**
*Meaning*: Studies using huge amounts of information
199. **Reveal insights**
*Meaning*: Show understanding
200. **Human behavior**
*Meaning*: How people act
201. **Previously impossible**
*Meaning*: Not possible before
202. **Privacy concerns**
*Meaning*: Worries about personal information
203. **Informed consent**
*Meaning*: Agreement with full knowledge
204. **Stay ahead of the curve**
*Meaning*: Keep up with changes
205. **Emerging ethical challenges**
*Meaning*: New moral problems
206. **Harnessing the power**
*Meaning*: Using the strength
207. **Machine learning**
*Meaning*: Computer systems that improve automatically
208. **Particularly thorny issues**
*Meaning*: Especially difficult problems
209. **Algorithms** /ˈælɡəˌrɪðəmz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Computer instructions
210. **Sophisticated** /səˈfɪstəˌkeɪtəd/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Advanced and complex
211. **Analyzing data**
*Meaning*: Examining information
212. **Generating hypotheses**
*Meaning*: Creating possible explanations
213. **Human oversight**
*Meaning*: People watching and controlling
214. **Algorithmic bias**
*Meaning*: Unfairness in computer programs
215. **Bears responsibility**
*Meaning*: Has the duty
216. **Long-term implications**
*Meaning*: Future effects
217. **Surpass human intelligence**
*Meaning*: Become smarter than people
218. **Precautionary principle**
*Meaning*: Being careful when uncertain
219. **Gained traction**
*Meaning*: Become more popular
220. **Framework** /ˈfreɪmˌwɜrk/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: System of rules
221. **Scientific uncertainties**
*Meaning*: Things science doesn't know
222. **Significant harm**
*Meaning*: Serious damage
223. **Complete scientific certainty**
*Meaning*: Being completely sure
224. **Postpone action**
*Meaning*: Delay doing something
225. **Environmental degradation**
*Meaning*: Damage to nature
226. **Public harm**
*Meaning*: Damage to people
227. **Applying this principle**
*Meaning*: Using this rule
228. **Tricky** /ˈtrɪki/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Difficult
229. **Overly cautious**
*Meaning*: Too careful
230. **Stifle beneficial innovations**
*Meaning*: Prevent helpful new ideas
231. **Regulatory paralysis**
*Meaning*: Inability to make rules
232. **Science communication**
*Meaning*: Sharing research with public
233. **Emerged** /ɪˈmɜrdʒd/ (US), /ɪˈmɜːdʒd/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Appeared
234. **Share their findings**
*Meaning*: Tell others about results
235. **Accurately** /ˈækjərətli/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Correctly
236. **Avoid sensationalism**
*Meaning*: Not exaggerate for effect
237. **Information overload**
*Meaning*: Too much information
238. **Declining trust**
*Meaning*: Reducing confidence
239. **Expertise** /ˌekspərˈtiz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Special knowledge
240. **Accessible** /əkˈsesəbəl/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Easy to understand
241. **Dumbing it down**
*Meaning*: Making too simple
242. **Oversimplifying** /ˌoʊvərˈsɪmpləˌfaɪɪŋ/ (US), /ˌəʊvəˈsɪmplɪfaɪɪŋ/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Making too simple
243. **Complex issues**
*Meaning*: Complicated problems
244. **Looking toward the future**
*Meaning*: Thinking about what's coming
245. **Landscape** /ˈlændskeɪp/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: General situation
246. **Continue to evolve**
*Meaning*: Keep changing
247. **New technologies emerge**
*Meaning*: Fresh innovations appear
248. **Societal expectations**
*Meaning*: What society wants
249. **Shift** /ʃɪft/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Change
250. **Maintaining the delicate balance**
*Meaning*: Keeping careful equilibrium
251. **Preserving scientific freedom**
*Meaning*: Protecting research liberty
252. **Broader public good**
*Meaning*: Benefit for everyone
253. **Ongoing dialogue**
*Meaning*: Continuing conversation
254. **Policymakers** /ˈpɑləsiˌmeɪkərz/ (US), /ˈpɒləsiˌmeɪkəz/ (UK)
*Meaning*: People who make government decisions
255. **Establish frameworks**
*Meaning*: Create systems
256. **Scientific inquiry**
*Meaning*: Research investigation
257. **Societal welfare**
*Meaning*: Well-being of society
258. **Navigating these challenges**
*Meaning*: Dealing with these problems
259. **Fostering a culture**
*Meaning*: Encouraging an environment
260. **Responsible innovation**
*Meaning*: Careful development of new ideas
261. **Proactively** /proʊˈæktɪvli/ (US), /prəʊˈæktɪvli/ (UK)
*Meaning*: In advance
262. **Engage with stakeholders**
*Meaning*: Work with interested parties
263. **Research process**
*Meaning*: How studies are done
264. **Embracing** /ɪmˈbreɪsɪŋ/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Accepting willingly
265. **Research community**
*Meaning*: Scientists and researchers
266. **Force for human progress**
*Meaning*: Power that helps humanity advance
267. **Minimizing potential harms**
*Meaning*: Reducing possible damage
268. **Brilliant discoveries**
*Meaning*: Amazing findings
269. **Wisdom** /ˈwɪzdəm/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Good judgment
270. **Responsibly** /rɪˈspɑnsəbli/ (US), /rɪˈspɒnsəbli/ (UK)
*Meaning*: In a careful way
271. **Benefit of all humanity**
*Meaning*: Good for everyone
*Meaning*: Area or field of activity
2. **At the crossroads**
*Meaning*: At a point where important decisions must be made
3. **Curiosity** /ˌkjʊriˈɑsəti/ (US), /ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Desire to learn or know
4. **Societal** /səˈsaɪətəl/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Related to society
5. **Pursuit of knowledge**
*Meaning*: Seeking to learn and understand
6. **Intersects** /ˌɪntərˈsekts/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Crosses or overlaps
7. **Ethical** /ˈeθɪkəl/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Related to moral principles
8. **Considerations** /kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃənz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Factors to think about
9. **Accountability** /əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Responsibility for one's actions
10. **Stand on the precipice**
*Meaning*: Be at the edge of something dramatic
11. **Unprecedented** /ʌnˈpresədentəd/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Never done or known before
12. **Breakthroughs** /ˈbreɪkˌθrus/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Important discoveries
13. **Artificial intelligence**
*Meaning*: Computer systems that can think like humans
14. **Genetic engineering**
*Meaning*: Changing the DNA of living things
15. **Pressing** /ˈpresɪŋ/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Urgent
16. **Delicate balancing act**
*Meaning*: Careful management of competing demands
17. **Scientific freedom**
*Meaning*: Liberty to conduct research
18. **Social responsibility**
*Meaning*: Duty to help society
19. **Careful navigation**
*Meaning*: Thoughtful way of proceeding
20. **Uncharted territory**
*Meaning*: Unknown or unexplored areas
21. **Promise and peril**
*Meaning*: Both good and bad possibilities
22. **Cornerstone** /ˈkɔrnərˌstoʊn/ (US), /ˈkɔːnəˌstəʊn/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Foundation; most important part
23. **Intellectual advancement**
*Meaning*: Progress in thinking and knowledge
24. **Embodying** /ɪmˈbɑdiɪŋ/ (US), /ɪmˈbɒdiɪŋ/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Representing or including
25. **Fundamental right**
*Meaning*: Basic freedom
26. **Undue interference**
*Meaning*: Inappropriate meddling
27. **Censorship** /ˈsensərˌʃɪp/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Blocking or banning information
28. **Goes hand in hand**
*Meaning*: Occurs together
29. **Academic freedom**
*Meaning*: Liberty in educational settings
30. **Push the boundaries**
*Meaning*: Extend the limits
31. **Challenge conventional wisdom**
*Meaning*: Question accepted beliefs
32. **Controversial** /ˌkɑntrəˈvɜrʃəl/ (US), /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃəl/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Causing disagreement
33. **Make people uncomfortable**
*Meaning*: Cause unease or worry
34. **Not absolute**
*Meaning*: Not complete or unlimited
35. **Comes with strings attached**
*Meaning*: Has conditions or requirements
36. **Broader implications**
*Meaning*: Wider effects or consequences
37. **Scientific advancement**
*Meaning*: Progress in research and knowledge
38. **Gained recognition**
*Meaning*: Become accepted
39. **Benefit from**
*Meaning*: Gain advantages from
40. **Applications** /ˌæpləˈkeɪʃənz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Practical uses
41. **Encompasses** /ɪnˈkʌmpəsəz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Includes
42. **Fruits of scientific labor**
*Meaning*: Results of research work
43. **Seemingly straightforward**
*Meaning*: Appearing simple
44. **Becomes murky**
*Meaning*: Gets unclear or confusing
45. **Research priorities**
*Meaning*: What studies are most important
46. **Distributed equitably**
*Meaning*: Shared fairly
47. **Different populations**
*Meaning*: Various groups of people
48. **Research integrity**
*Meaning*: Honesty in scientific work
49. **Forms the bedrock**
*Meaning*: Creates the foundation
50. **Scientific credibility**
*Meaning*: Believability of research
51. **Bear the responsibility**
*Meaning*: Have the duty
52. **Honesty** /ˈɑnəsti/ (US), /ˈɒnəsti/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Truthfulness
53. **Transparency** /trænsˈperənsi/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Openness
54. **Methodological** /ˌmeθədəˈlɑdʒəkəl/ (US), /ˌmeθədəˈlɒdʒəkəl/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Related to research methods
55. **Rigor** /ˈrɪɡər/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Strictness and accuracy
56. **Dotting every i and crossing every t**
*Meaning*: Being extremely careful with details
57. **Data collection**
*Meaning*: Gathering information
58. **Analysis** /əˈnæləsəs/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Detailed examination
59. **Reporting** /rɪˈpɔrtɪŋ/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Describing results
60. **Temptation** /tempˈteɪʃən/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Desire to do something wrong
61. **Cut corners**
*Meaning*: Do things quickly and carelessly
62. **Massage data**
*Meaning*: Manipulate information dishonestly
63. **Desired outcomes**
*Meaning*: Results that are wanted
64. **Undermine** /ˌʌndərˈmaɪn/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Weaken
65. **Scientific enterprise**
*Meaning*: The whole system of research
66. **Eroding** /ɪˈroʊdɪŋ/ (US), /ɪˈrəʊdɪŋ/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Gradually destroying
67. **Public trust**
*Meaning*: People's confidence
68. **Leading society down dangerous paths**
*Meaning*: Causing harm to communities
69. **Flawed foundations**
*Meaning*: Weak or incorrect bases
70. **Peer review process**
*Meaning*: System where experts check each other's work
71. **Crucial gatekeeper**
*Meaning*: Important controller of access
72. **Maintaining standards**
*Meaning*: Keeping quality high
73. **Limitations** /ˌlɪməˈteɪʃənz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Restrictions or weaknesses
74. **Separate the wheat from the chaff**
*Meaning*: Distinguish good from bad
75. **Perpetuate** /pərˈpetʃuˌeɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Cause to continue
76. **Biases** /ˈbaɪəsəz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Unfair preferences
77. **Dissemination** /dɪˌseməˈneɪʃən/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Spreading of information
78. **Groundbreaking** /ˈɡraʊndˌbreɪkɪŋ/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Revolutionary
79. **Discoveries** /dɪˈskʌvəriz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Findings
80. **Throws the baby out with the bathwater**
*Meaning*: Rejects good things along with bad
81. **Innovative** /ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: New and creative
82. **Challenge established paradigms**
*Meaning*: Question accepted ways of thinking
83. **Conventional thinking**
*Meaning*: Traditional ideas
84. **Come to the forefront**
*Meaning*: Become very important
85. **Gain the power**
*Meaning*: Acquire the ability
86. **Manipulate** /məˈnɪpjəˌleɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Control or change
87. **Life itself**
*Meaning*: Living organisms
88. **Edit genes**
*Meaning*: Change DNA
89. **Create artificial life forms**
*Meaning*: Make new living things
90. **Weapons of mass destruction**
*Meaning*: Very dangerous military devices
91. **Fundamental questions**
*Meaning*: Basic important issues
92. **Limits of scientific inquiry**
*Meaning*: Boundaries of research
93. **Operate in ivory towers**
*Meaning*: Work in isolation from real world
94. **Isolated from**
*Meaning*: Separated from
95. **Consequences** /ˈkɑnsəˌkwensəz/ (US), /ˈkɒnsəkwənsəz/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Results or effects
96. **Grapple with**
*Meaning*: Struggle to understand
97. **Moral implications**
*Meaning*: Ethical effects
98. **Too dangerous to pursue**
*Meaning*: Too risky to investigate
99. **Disseminate** /dɪˈseməˌneɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Spread or share
100. **Democratization** /dɪˌmɑkrətəˈzeɪʃən/ (US), /dɪˌmɒkrətaɪˈzeɪʃən/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Making available to everyone
101. **Open access initiatives**
*Meaning*: Programs to make research freely available
102. **Double-edged sword**
*Meaning*: Something with both good and bad effects
103. **Freely available**
*Meaning*: Accessible without cost
104. **Accelerate** /əkˈseləˌreɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Speed up
105. **Quality control**
*Meaning*: Ensuring high standards
106. **Misuse** /ˌmɪsˈjus/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Wrong use
107. **Detailed methodologies**
*Meaning*: Specific ways of doing research
108. **Dangerous substances**
*Meaning*: Harmful materials
109. **Knowledge sharing**
*Meaning*: Giving information to others
110. **Irresponsible disclosure**
*Meaning*: Careless revealing of information
111. **Increasingly blurred**
*Meaning*: Becoming less clear
112. **Public funding**
*Meaning*: Money from government
113. **Complex web**
*Meaning*: Complicated network
114. **Foot the bill**
*Meaning*: Pay the cost
115. **Legitimate claim**
*Meaning*: Fair demand
116. **Transparency** /trænsˈperənsi/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Openness
117. **Social contract**
*Meaning*: Agreement between people and government
118. **Implies** /ɪmˈplaɪz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Suggests
119. **Obligation** /ˌɑbləˈɡeɪʃən/ (US), /ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃən/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Duty
120. **Communicate findings**
*Meaning*: Share results
121. **Accessible ways**
*Meaning*: Easy to understand methods
122. **Public interest**
*Meaning*: What benefits society
123. **Political interference**
*Meaning*: Government meddling
124. **Throttle innovation**
*Meaning*: Reduce new ideas
125. **Compromise independence**
*Meaning*: Damage freedom
126. **Pursue truth**
*Meaning*: Seek facts
127. **Without bias**
*Meaning*: Fairly
128. **Corporate interests**
*Meaning*: Business concerns
129. **Increasingly prominent**
*Meaning*: More and more important
130. **Conflicts of interest**
*Meaning*: Situations where personal gain conflicts with duty
131. **Commercialization** /kəˌmɜrʃələˈzeɪʃən/ (US), /kəˌmɜːʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Making money from
132. **Pharmaceutical** /ˌfɑrməˈsutɪkəl/ (US), /ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkəl/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Related to medicines
133. **Drug trials**
*Meaning*: Tests of new medicines
134. **Sponsor** /ˈspɑnsər/ (US), /ˈspɒnsə/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Pay for
135. **Climate research**
*Meaning*: Studies about weather changes
136. **Potential for bias**
*Meaning*: Possibility of unfairness
137. **Looms large**
*Meaning*: Appears threatening
138. **Walk a tightrope**
*Meaning*: Balance carefully in difficult situation
139. **Securing necessary funding**
*Meaning*: Getting needed money
140. **Intellectual independence**
*Meaning*: Freedom of thought
141. **Financial incentives**
*Meaning*: Money-based motivations
142. **Skew** /skju/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Distort or bias
143. **Research outcomes**
*Meaning*: Results of studies
144. **Suppress** /səˈpres/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Hide or prevent
145. **Inconvenient findings**
*Meaning*: Results that cause problems
146. **International collaboration**
*Meaning*: Working together across countries
147. **Opportunities and challenges**
*Meaning*: Good and difficult possibilities
148. **Global cooperation**
*Meaning*: Worldwide working together
149. **Tackle problems**
*Meaning*: Deal with issues
150. **Transcend** /trænˈsend/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Go beyond
151. **National boundaries**
*Meaning*: Borders between countries
152. **Intellectual property**
*Meaning*: Ownership of ideas
153. **Technology transfer**
*Meaning*: Sharing technical knowledge
154. **Left out in the cold**
*Meaning*: Excluded or ignored
155. **Brain drain**
*Meaning*: Loss of educated people
156. **Phenomenon** /fəˈnɑməˌnɑn/ (US), /fəˈnɒməˌnɒn/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Observable occurrence
157. **Migrate** /ˈmaɪˌɡreɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Move from one place to another
158. **Wealthier countries**
*Meaning*: Richer nations
159. **Exacerbate** /ɪɡˈzæsərˌbeɪt/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Make worse
160. **Global inequalities**
*Meaning*: Worldwide unfairness
161. **Deprive** /dɪˈpraɪv/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Take away from
162. **Scientific expertise**
*Meaning*: Research knowledge and skills
163. **Desperately need**
*Meaning*: Urgently require
164. **Pandemic** /pænˈdemɪk/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Worldwide disease outbreak
165. **Threw into sharp relief**
*Meaning*: Made very clear
166. **Critical importance**
*Meaning*: Extreme significance
167. **Communicating uncertainty**
*Meaning*: Explaining what is not known
168. **In the spotlight**
*Meaning*: Getting lots of attention
169. **Like never before**
*Meaning*: More than ever
170. **Balance the need**
*Meaning*: Manage competing requirements
171. **Rapid response**
*Meaning*: Quick reaction
172. **Deliberative processes**
*Meaning*: Careful thinking procedures
173. **Scientific inquiry**
*Meaning*: Research investigation
174. **Highlighted** /ˈhaɪˌlaɪtəd/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Emphasized
175. **Evolves over time**
*Meaning*: Changes gradually
176. **Maintaining public trust**
*Meaning*: Keeping people's confidence
177. **Recommendations** /ˌrekəmənˈdeɪʃənz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Suggestions or advice
178. **Based on new evidence**
*Meaning*: Using fresh information
179. **Environmental responsibilities**
*Meaning*: Duties to protect nature
180. **Increasingly central**
*Meaning*: More and more important
181. **Scientific practice**
*Meaning*: How research is done
182. **Confront the reality**
*Meaning*: Face the truth
183. **Climate change**
*Meaning*: Long-term weather pattern changes
184. **Biodiversity loss**
*Meaning*: Reduction in variety of life
185. **All fields**
*Meaning*: Every area of study
186. **Environmental science**
*Meaning*: Study of nature and pollution
187. **Ecological footprint**
*Meaning*: Environmental impact
188. **Contributes to**
*Meaning*: Helps cause
189. **Pressing environmental challenges**
*Meaning*: Urgent nature problems
190. **Paradigm change**
*Meaning*: Fundamental shift in thinking
191. **Value-neutral**
*Meaning*: Without moral judgment
192. **Broader contexts**
*Meaning*: Wider situations
193. **Digital revolution**
*Meaning*: Major change due to computers
194. **Transformed** /trænsˈfɔrmd/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Changed completely
195. **Data sharing**
*Meaning*: Giving information to others
196. **Collaboration** /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Working together
197. **Novel ethical concerns**
*Meaning*: New moral worries
198. **Big data research**
*Meaning*: Studies using huge amounts of information
199. **Reveal insights**
*Meaning*: Show understanding
200. **Human behavior**
*Meaning*: How people act
201. **Previously impossible**
*Meaning*: Not possible before
202. **Privacy concerns**
*Meaning*: Worries about personal information
203. **Informed consent**
*Meaning*: Agreement with full knowledge
204. **Stay ahead of the curve**
*Meaning*: Keep up with changes
205. **Emerging ethical challenges**
*Meaning*: New moral problems
206. **Harnessing the power**
*Meaning*: Using the strength
207. **Machine learning**
*Meaning*: Computer systems that improve automatically
208. **Particularly thorny issues**
*Meaning*: Especially difficult problems
209. **Algorithms** /ˈælɡəˌrɪðəmz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Computer instructions
210. **Sophisticated** /səˈfɪstəˌkeɪtəd/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Advanced and complex
211. **Analyzing data**
*Meaning*: Examining information
212. **Generating hypotheses**
*Meaning*: Creating possible explanations
213. **Human oversight**
*Meaning*: People watching and controlling
214. **Algorithmic bias**
*Meaning*: Unfairness in computer programs
215. **Bears responsibility**
*Meaning*: Has the duty
216. **Long-term implications**
*Meaning*: Future effects
217. **Surpass human intelligence**
*Meaning*: Become smarter than people
218. **Precautionary principle**
*Meaning*: Being careful when uncertain
219. **Gained traction**
*Meaning*: Become more popular
220. **Framework** /ˈfreɪmˌwɜrk/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: System of rules
221. **Scientific uncertainties**
*Meaning*: Things science doesn't know
222. **Significant harm**
*Meaning*: Serious damage
223. **Complete scientific certainty**
*Meaning*: Being completely sure
224. **Postpone action**
*Meaning*: Delay doing something
225. **Environmental degradation**
*Meaning*: Damage to nature
226. **Public harm**
*Meaning*: Damage to people
227. **Applying this principle**
*Meaning*: Using this rule
228. **Tricky** /ˈtrɪki/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Difficult
229. **Overly cautious**
*Meaning*: Too careful
230. **Stifle beneficial innovations**
*Meaning*: Prevent helpful new ideas
231. **Regulatory paralysis**
*Meaning*: Inability to make rules
232. **Science communication**
*Meaning*: Sharing research with public
233. **Emerged** /ɪˈmɜrdʒd/ (US), /ɪˈmɜːdʒd/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Appeared
234. **Share their findings**
*Meaning*: Tell others about results
235. **Accurately** /ˈækjərətli/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Correctly
236. **Avoid sensationalism**
*Meaning*: Not exaggerate for effect
237. **Information overload**
*Meaning*: Too much information
238. **Declining trust**
*Meaning*: Reducing confidence
239. **Expertise** /ˌekspərˈtiz/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Special knowledge
240. **Accessible** /əkˈsesəbəl/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Easy to understand
241. **Dumbing it down**
*Meaning*: Making too simple
242. **Oversimplifying** /ˌoʊvərˈsɪmpləˌfaɪɪŋ/ (US), /ˌəʊvəˈsɪmplɪfaɪɪŋ/ (UK)
*Meaning*: Making too simple
243. **Complex issues**
*Meaning*: Complicated problems
244. **Looking toward the future**
*Meaning*: Thinking about what's coming
245. **Landscape** /ˈlændskeɪp/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: General situation
246. **Continue to evolve**
*Meaning*: Keep changing
247. **New technologies emerge**
*Meaning*: Fresh innovations appear
248. **Societal expectations**
*Meaning*: What society wants
249. **Shift** /ʃɪft/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Change
250. **Maintaining the delicate balance**
*Meaning*: Keeping careful equilibrium
251. **Preserving scientific freedom**
*Meaning*: Protecting research liberty
252. **Broader public good**
*Meaning*: Benefit for everyone
253. **Ongoing dialogue**
*Meaning*: Continuing conversation
254. **Policymakers** /ˈpɑləsiˌmeɪkərz/ (US), /ˈpɒləsiˌmeɪkəz/ (UK)
*Meaning*: People who make government decisions
255. **Establish frameworks**
*Meaning*: Create systems
256. **Scientific inquiry**
*Meaning*: Research investigation
257. **Societal welfare**
*Meaning*: Well-being of society
258. **Navigating these challenges**
*Meaning*: Dealing with these problems
259. **Fostering a culture**
*Meaning*: Encouraging an environment
260. **Responsible innovation**
*Meaning*: Careful development of new ideas
261. **Proactively** /proʊˈæktɪvli/ (US), /prəʊˈæktɪvli/ (UK)
*Meaning*: In advance
262. **Engage with stakeholders**
*Meaning*: Work with interested parties
263. **Research process**
*Meaning*: How studies are done
264. **Embracing** /ɪmˈbreɪsɪŋ/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Accepting willingly
265. **Research community**
*Meaning*: Scientists and researchers
266. **Force for human progress**
*Meaning*: Power that helps humanity advance
267. **Minimizing potential harms**
*Meaning*: Reducing possible damage
268. **Brilliant discoveries**
*Meaning*: Amazing findings
269. **Wisdom** /ˈwɪzdəm/ (US & UK)
*Meaning*: Good judgment
270. **Responsibly** /rɪˈspɑnsəbli/ (US), /rɪˈspɒnsəbli/ (UK)
*Meaning*: In a careful way
271. **Benefit of all humanity**
*Meaning*: Good for everyone
Intonation to Show Attitude
Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch during speech, which can indicate the speaker's feelings, intentions, or nuances beyond the literal meaning of words.
Key points about using intonation to show attitude include:
1. Rising intonation can suggest uncertainty, curiosity, or politeness (e.g., "You’re coming?" with a rising tone shows a question or doubt).
2. Falling intonation typically signals certainty, confidence, or finality (e.g., "I’m sure." with a falling tone sounds definite).
3. A falling-rising intonation may express hesitation or reservation (e.g., "Well, I don’t know…" implies doubt).
4. Emphatic stress combined with intonation can show strong feelings like surprise, annoyance, or enthusiasm.
5. Understanding intonation patterns helps in interpreting sarcasm, irony, or subtle criticism.
Key points about using intonation to show attitude include:
1. Rising intonation can suggest uncertainty, curiosity, or politeness (e.g., "You’re coming?" with a rising tone shows a question or doubt).
2. Falling intonation typically signals certainty, confidence, or finality (e.g., "I’m sure." with a falling tone sounds definite).
3. A falling-rising intonation may express hesitation or reservation (e.g., "Well, I don’t know…" implies doubt).
4. Emphatic stress combined with intonation can show strong feelings like surprise, annoyance, or enthusiasm.
5. Understanding intonation patterns helps in interpreting sarcasm, irony, or subtle criticism.