Intermediate200 min

Concession

Lesson content
We use adverbials to admit that an opposing point of view has merit or is true.
Although utopias are idyllic, dystopian worlds provide more
interesting stories.
Dystopian stories can be quite depressing, but at the same time the
endings often give us hope.


These adverbials often form concession clauses, i.e. with although, while
and even though.
While dystopian fiction is popular amongst all age groups, it’s particularly popular amongst young adults.
Even though the world can be quite depressing at times, there is a lot
to enjoy.


Concession clauses can come at the start or end of a sentence, but they usually come at the start of the sentence, as we want to admit that an opposing point of view is true, but then quickly move onto expressing a counterargument which expresses our true beliefs. Alternatively, the concession may refer to something another speaker said, so we refer to it first and then give our own view. Compare the impact of putting the
concessive clause at the start and the end:
Although books encourage us to use our own imaginations, films are more visual and less time-consuming.
Films are more visual and less time-consuming, although books encourage us to use our own imaginations.


We can use however, at the same time and that said to show a
contrasting point of view, but these phrases come before our own belief
or our counterargument, and not the opposing point of view we are
admitting is valid or true. Note that these start a new sentence.
Tales of struggle can be uplift ing. However, utopias give us something
to aspire to.
New stories are published every day. At the same time, they’re all versions of stories from history.
E-books are convenient. That said, there’s nothing better than a paper book.


We can use the adverbial phrase admittedly … but to introduce an
opposing viewpoint.
Admittedly, there have been some excellent sci-fi stories, but I prefer
romance.
Admittedly, what you said is true, but I don’t believe it’s always the case.


We also use though to provide an alternative viewpoint. In spoken or
informal written communication, we often add it to the end of our point.
Though the ending was disappointing, I enjoyed the show.
The story was good, though the acting was pretty terrible.
The book was brilliant. The fi lm was rubbish, though.


We can use the structure adjective + though/as to make a concession,
e.g. True though that is, True though that may be, Interesting as that
seems, Clever though he may be, Horrible as that is, Brilliant as she may seem.
True though that is, I would argue that it’s diff erent for everyone.
True though that may be, it’s not the most interesting story.
Clever though he is, he’s not always 100 percent correct about everything.
Interesting as that is, it doesn’t support your argument.

Quiz

Question 1 of 10

Choose the correct adverbial to show concession: "___, I agree with your point, I think we should consider other options."

Although
However
Moreover
Therefore

The World of Marketing and Advertising: Science, Psychology, and the Future

The marketing and advertising industry has evolved from simple product promotion into a sophisticated battlefield where brands fight tooth and nail for consumers' attention, wallets, and minds. In this digital age, where people are bombarded with over 10,000 brand messages daily, marketers have had to pull out all the stops to cut through the noise and make their mark. The landscape has become a high-stakes game of cat and mouse, with brands constantly trying to stay one step ahead of increasingly savvy consumers who have learned to tune out traditional advertising tactics.

The numbers paint a striking picture of this industry's massive reach and influence. Global advertising spend hit close to $1.1 trillion in 2024, representing roughly 1% of global GDP, while the neuromarketing sector alone is projected to grow from $1.71 billion in 2025 to $2.62 billion by 2030. These figures demonstrate that businesses are willing to break the bank to understand and influence consumer behavior, recognizing that effective marketing can make or break their bottom line in today's competitive marketplace.

Recent scientific breakthroughs have turned marketing from an art into a science, with researchers now able to peer into consumers' minds and predict behavior with unprecedented accuracy. Neuromarketing techniques can predict consumer behavior with 80% accuracy compared to just 60% for traditional methods, giving companies a significant edge in understanding what makes customers tick. This shift has opened up a whole new can of worms regarding ethics and consumer manipulation, as brands now have the tools to push psychological buttons that consumers aren't even aware exist.

The digital revolution has completely turned the marketing world upside down, forcing traditional advertisers to rethink their approach from the ground up. Digital advertising now accounts for over 70% of total ad spend, a dramatic shift that has left many old-school marketers scrambling to catch up. Social media platforms have become the new battleground, with 86% of marketers reporting that personalized customer experiences significantly impact their company's sales. The rise of platforms like TikTok, projected to generate $33.1 billion in advertising revenue in 2025, has forced brands to master the art of short-form video content or risk being left in the dust.

Artificial Intelligence has emerged as the game-changer that's reshaping every aspect of marketing strategy. AI tools are now being leveraged by 60% of marketers for everything from creative ideation to data-driven decision-making and workflow automation. However, this technological leap isn't without its growing pains, as many marketers are still learning the ropes when it comes to integrating AI into their workflows effectively. The challenge is finding the sweet spot between automated efficiency and human creativity, ensuring that brands don't lose their authentic voice in the pursuit of technological advancement.

The psychology behind consumer decision-making has become the holy grail of modern marketing research. Scientists have discovered that the majority of purchasing decisions are made or influenced by unconscious processes, which has led to the development of sophisticated neuromarketing tools that measure everything from brain activity to eye movements and facial expressions. Companies like Coca-Cola, Starbucks, and Hyundai are now using biometric data to fine-tune their advertising campaigns, ensuring they hit consumers where it hurts most – their emotional triggers.

The rise of influencer marketing has completely changed the rules of the game, with brands realizing that consumers are more likely to trust recommendations from people they follow online than traditional celebrity endorsements. This shift has created an entire ecosystem of content creators who have learned to walk the tightrope between authentic storytelling and commercial promotion. The challenge for brands is finding influencers who can seamlessly weave product placements into their content without coming across as sell-outs to their audiences.

Personalization has become the name of the game in modern marketing, with 94% of marketers reporting that offering personalized customer experiences impacts their company's sales. However, this push for customization has created a catch-22 situation where brands need detailed consumer data to deliver personalized experiences, but many consumers are becoming increasingly wary of how their personal information is being collected and used. The challenge is striking a balance between relevance and privacy, ensuring that personalization enhances rather than creeps out the customer experience.

The attention economy has become increasingly cutthroat, with marketers finding it harder than ever to capture and hold consumers' focus. Research shows that only 31% of people globally claim that ads on social media platforms capture their attention, a significant decrease from 43% the previous year. This attention deficit has forced brands to raise the bar on creativity and relevance, pushing them to develop more engaging and interactive content that can break through the clutter of competing messages.

Retail Media Networks have emerged as a powerful new player in the advertising ecosystem, allowing brands to reach highly targeted audiences through personalized ads on retailer websites and apps. These platforms are projected to account for almost one-quarter of all US media ad spend by 2028, representing a fundamental shift in how brands approach customer acquisition. The first-party data that these networks provide gives advertisers unprecedented insights into consumer behavior, allowing them to optimize their campaigns with surgical precision.

The streaming wars have created both opportunities and headaches for advertisers trying to reach cord-cutting audiences. While 50% of people say most of their TV watching is streaming, the fragmented landscape has made it increasingly difficult for marketers to achieve the broad reach that traditional broadcast television once provided. This has led to a more nuanced approach where successful campaigns require a careful balancing act across multiple platforms and formats.

Consumer trust has become a precious commodity in an era where people are increasingly skeptical of corporate motives and advertising claims. Recent studies show that 43% of consumers don't trust AI-generated ads, while 82% prefer to buy from brands that share their values. This has forced companies to be more transparent about their practices and more authentic in their messaging, moving away from hard-sell tactics toward value-driven content that resonates with consumers' beliefs and aspirations.

The measurement and attribution challenge has become one of the biggest headaches for modern marketers trying to prove their worth to skeptical executives. With consumers switching between devices and platforms throughout their purchase journey, tracking the true impact of marketing campaigns has become like trying to solve a puzzle with constantly moving pieces. This has led to increased investment in sophisticated analytics tools and attribution models that can provide a clearer picture of which touchpoints actually drive conversions.

Privacy regulations and the death of third-party cookies have forced the industry to completely rethink its approach to targeting and measurement. Marketers are now scrambling to develop first-party data strategies and explore alternative targeting methods that don't rely on invasive tracking technologies. This shift has leveled the playing field somewhat, forcing brands to focus more on creating compelling content and experiences rather than relying solely on sophisticated targeting algorithms.

The future of marketing and advertising promises to be even more dynamic and complex, with emerging technologies like virtual reality, augmented reality, and the metaverse opening up entirely new frontiers for brand engagement. Video game product placement is becoming more refined and accepted, with major titles like "Intergalactic: The Heretic Prophet" featuring prominent brand integrations from companies like Porsche and Adidas. These developments suggest that the line between entertainment and advertising will continue to blur, creating new opportunities for brands willing to think outside the box.

As we look toward the future, the marketing industry finds itself at a crossroads where technological capability and ethical responsibility must find common ground. The power to influence consumer behavior has never been greater, but with great power comes great responsibility. Brands that can successfully navigate this landscape – leveraging cutting-edge technology while maintaining consumer trust and delivering genuine value – will be the ones that thrive in this brave new world of marketing and advertising. The rest will find themselves fighting an uphill battle against increasingly sophisticated consumers who have learned to see through the smoke and mirrors of traditional advertising tactics.
1. **sophisticated** /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ (both US/UK)
complex and advanced; having great knowledge or experience

2. **battlefield** /ˈbætlfiːld/ (both US/UK)
a place where a battle is fought; an area of intense competition

3. **fight tooth and nail**
to try very hard to get or keep something

4. **bombarded** /bɑːmˈbɑːrdɪd/ (US) /bɒmˈbɑːdɪd/ (UK)
attacked continuously with something

5. **pull out all the stops**
to do everything possible to achieve something

6. **cut through the noise**
to be noticed despite all the competing messages

7. **make their mark**
to become successful or famous

8. **high-stakes** /ˌhaɪ ˈsteɪks/ (both US/UK)
involving the possibility of serious consequences

9. **cat and mouse**
a situation where one person tries to defeat another in a series of moves

10. **stay one step ahead**
to maintain an advantage over competitors

11. **savvy** /ˈsævi/ (both US/UK)
having practical knowledge and ability

12. **tune out**
to stop paying attention to something

13. **striking** /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/ (both US/UK)
very noticeable or impressive

14. **break the bank**
to spend all or too much money

15. **make or break**
to cause either total success or total failure

16. **bottom line**
the most important result or factor

17. **competitive** /kəmˈpetətɪv/ (both US/UK)
involving competition between people or organizations

18. **marketplace** /ˈmɑːrkɪtpleɪs/ (US) /ˈmɑːkɪtpleɪs/ (UK)
the commercial world of buying and selling

19. **breakthrough** /ˈbreɪkθruː/ (both US/UK)
an important discovery or development

20. **peer into**
to look carefully at something

21. **unprecedented** /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ (US) /ʌnˈpresɪdəntɪd/ (UK)
never having happened before

22. **give someone an edge**
to provide an advantage

23. **what makes someone tick**
what motivates or interests someone

24. **opened up a can of worms**
created a complicated situation with many problems

25. **push psychological buttons**
to deliberately trigger emotional responses

26. **turned upside down**
completely changed or disrupted

27. **from the ground up**
completely from the beginning

28. **scrambling** /ˈskræmblɪŋ/ (both US/UK)
moving or acting quickly and urgently

29. **catch up**
to reach the same level as others

30. **battleground** /ˈbætlɡraʊnd/ (both US/UK)
an area where competing forces meet

31. **left in the dust**
left far behind by competitors

32. **game-changer**
something that significantly alters a situation

33. **leveraged** /ˈliːvərɪdʒd/ (US) /ˈlevərɪdʒd/ (UK)
used something to maximum advantage

34. **growing pains**
problems experienced during development

35. **learning the ropes**
learning how to do something

36. **sweet spot**
the perfect balance or ideal condition

37. **authentic** /ɔːˈθentɪk/ (both US/UK)
genuine and real

38. **holy grail**
something that is eagerly sought after

39. **hit someone where it hurts**
to attack someone's weak point

40. **emotional triggers**
things that cause strong emotional reactions

41. **fine-tune** /ˌfaɪn ˈtuːn/ (both US/UK)
to make small adjustments to improve something

42. **changed the rules of the game**
altered the way something is done

43. **ecosystem** /ˈiːkoʊsɪstəm/ (US) /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ (UK)
a complex network of interconnected elements

44. **walk the tightrope**
to maintain a difficult balance

45. **seamlessly** /ˈsiːmləsli/ (both US/UK)
smoothly and without obvious joins

46. **weave into**
to include skillfully as part of something

47. **sell-outs**
people who compromise their principles for money

48. **the name of the game**
the most important aspect of a situation

49. **catch-22**
a difficult situation with no good solution

50. **wary** /ˈweri/ (US) /ˈweəri/ (UK)
cautious because of possible danger

51. **strike a balance**
to find a compromise between different things

52. **creeps out**
makes someone feel uncomfortable or afraid

53. **cutthroat** /ˈkʌtθroʊt/ (US) /ˈkʌtθrəʊt/ (UK)
very competitive and ruthless

54. **attention deficit**
lack of ability to concentrate

55. **raise the bar**
to set higher standards

56. **break through the clutter**
to be noticed among many competing messages

57. **surgical precision**
extremely accurate and careful

58. **cord-cutting** /ˈkɔːrd kʌtɪŋ/ (US) /ˈkɔːd kʌtɪŋ/ (UK)
canceling cable TV subscriptions

59. **fragmented** /ˈfræɡməntɪd/ (both US/UK)
broken into separate parts

60. **balancing act**
a situation requiring careful management of different elements

61. **precious commodity**
something valuable and scarce

62. **skeptical** /ˈskeptɪkl/ (both US/UK)
doubtful about something

63. **corporate** /ˈkɔːrpərət/ (US) /ˈkɔːpərət/ (UK)
relating to large business companies

64. **hard-sell tactics**
aggressive sales methods

65. **aspirations** /ˌæspəˈreɪʃənz/ (both US/UK)
hopes and ambitions

66. **attribution** /ˌætrɪˈbjuːʃən/ (both US/UK)
the process of identifying which factors caused a result

67. **headaches** /ˈhedeɪks/ (both US/UK)
problems that cause worry

68. **prove their worth**
to demonstrate their value

69. **constantly moving pieces**
elements that keep changing

70. **sophisticated** /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ (both US/UK)
complex and advanced

71. **touchpoints** /ˈtʌtʃpɔɪnts/ (both US/UK)
points of contact between a business and customers

72. **conversions** /kənˈvɜːrʒənz/ (US) /kənˈvɜːʃənz/ (UK)
the process of turning prospects into customers

73. **scrambling** /ˈskræmblɪŋ/ (both US/UK)
hurrying to do something

74. **invasive** /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/ (both US/UK)
intrusive and unwelcome

75. **leveled the playing field**
made the situation fair for everyone

76. **compelling** /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ (both US/UK)
very interesting and convincing

77. **algorithms** /ˈælɡərɪðəmz/ (both US/UK)
sets of rules used by computers to solve problems

78. **dynamic** /daɪˈnæmɪk/ (both US/UK)
constantly changing and full of energy

79. **frontiers** /frʌnˈtɪrz/ (US) /ˈfrʌntɪəz/ (UK)
the outer limits of knowledge or achievement

80. **engagement** /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/ (both US/UK)
the process of being involved with something

81. **refined** /rɪˈfaɪnd/ (both US/UK)
improved and made more sophisticated

82. **integrations** /ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃənz/ (both US/UK)
the process of combining things

83. **blur the line**
to make the distinction between things unclear

84. **think outside the box**
to think creatively and unconventionally

85. **crossroads** /ˈkrɔːsroʊdz/ (US) /ˈkrɒsrəʊdz/ (UK)
a point where important decisions must be made

86. **capability** /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/ (both US/UK)
the ability to do something

87. **ethical** /ˈeθɪkl/ (both US/UK)
morally correct

88. **responsibility** /rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti/ (US) /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/ (UK)
the duty to deal with something

89. **common ground**
shared beliefs or interests

90. **navigate** /ˈnævɪɡeɪt/ (both US/UK)
to find a way through something difficult

91. **leverage** /ˈliːvərɪdʒ/ (US) /ˈlevərɪdʒ/ (UK)
to use something to maximum advantage

92. **cutting-edge** /ˌkʌtɪŋ ˈedʒ/ (both US/UK)
very modern and advanced

93. **maintaining** /meɪnˈteɪnɪŋ/ (both US/UK)
continuing to have something

94. **genuine** /ˈdʒenjuɪn/ (both US/UK)
real and authentic

95. **thrive** /θraɪv/ (both US/UK)
to grow and be successful

96. **uphill battle**
a difficult struggle

97. **sophisticated** /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ (both US/UK)
having great knowledge and experience

98. **smoke and mirrors**
something designed to deceive or confuse

99. **tactics** /ˈtæktɪks/ (both US/UK)
methods used to achieve something

Pausing when conceding a point

When conceding a point in conversation or writing, it is important to pause to show respect for the other person's opinion and to clearly indicate that you are acknowledging their argument. This pause can be a brief silence in spoken English or a comma, semicolon, or even a new sentence in written English.

For example:
- Spoken: "I understand your concerns... however, I still believe this is the best approach."
- Written: "You make a valid argument; nevertheless, there are other factors to consider."

Pausing allows your listener or reader to process the concession before you continue with your own point. This makes your communication more balanced and respectful.